Preparing and Writing Essay Example for Free

Preparing and Writing EssayA basic key to producing good raises is to start early and massage steadily over an extended period. Build in time for distractions and problems (e.g. illness or disk failure), and stop for deadline bunching. Plan to complete well before the deadline to allow yourself some(a) leeway. As a rough guide, you skill allow three weeks for impart on a course essay. The deadline is intended to armed service you with time forethought start out sure you adhere to it. Reflect on the feedback obtained on your previous essays. What strengths and weaknesses were identified? Think about how best to overcome the weaknesses.For example, if your essays have been criticised for limited cognition of the literature or lack of reason, this may indicate that you need to devote more than(prenominal) preparation time and increase or change the breadth and depth of your reading if criticised for poor structure or limited relevance, you are likely to benefit from spe nding more time on careful planning and modify/reorganising the last draft. Using course essays to work on your weaknesses can help you produce a better essay as well as help to improve your familiar writing skills.Look morehow to write a process paperDo some preliminary reading to help you hire an essay topic. The reading lists for the essays provide guidance on sources of preliminary reading. Generally it is useful to deal reading that is relatively recent, this is likely to include a stocky of earlier work, some of which you may explore in more detail later. It can also be helpful at an early stage to make use of EconLit and the Library catalogue to check on the availability and nature of supplementary reading on a topic.As should be obvious, you should try to choose a topic that you find interesting. This will help motivate you to work on the essay and is also likely to make the end product more interesting for the reader/marker. Note that interest tends to increase as you work on a topic, providing you dont leave it all to the last minute. one time you have chosen a topic (or even to help you choose from a short-list of topics), use your initial reading to produce a draft compend plan of your essay. The general advice on what makes a good essay, set out below, should help you to produce an effective plan. A basic plan would typically apportion the essay/dissertation into a series of logically ordered sections. This skeleton structure can then be filled out by fitting ideas, relevant references, work and information required, into the planned sections (making use of references from preliminary reading, EconLit etc.)Taking time to construct an effective annotated outline plan should help you to Produce a well-structured and coherent essay. Organise the subsequent work on your essay/dissertation and plan your study time more efficaciously. Read actively and more effectively making you think about how further reading fits into your plan and, poss ibly, adapting your plan in response to new information or ideas. Although the ingredients of a good essay can vary between courses and topics, the following broad guidelines are generally applicable.Structure Ensure that your essay/dissertation has a clear logical structure. hold the introduction to motivate the topic, set it in perspective and outline the structure of the body of your essay to help the reader follow the argument. Use the conclusions to draw in concert the argument, provide an overall prisement and, possibly, indicate areas that might be developed further if space allowed.General content The primary focus should be on analysis, not description or put ination of information. Make it clear that you have a good understanding of the relevant basic literature. But avoid devoting overly much space to repeating standard textbook material. Generally you can make clear that you understand the basics in the context of presenting a more advanced or deeper analysis. Be innovative think of an interesting and different angle on the topic draw on ideas from other courses (including non-economics courses) or general reading go beyond the standard literature by making good use of EconLit or other reference sources be prepared to scrap standard approaches. This is likely to make the essay more interesting for you and the reader/marker. Remember it is your essay, it should reflect your informed thought and judgements on the topic, not simply restate or paraphrase the views of others.Analysis and models The appropriate mode of analysis can vary between courses and topics. In the vast majority of cases economics essays will require the use of an explicit model or models. Formal models help to provide a clear logical structure, which is a major reason for their use in economics. When presenting a model, you need to make clear that you understand the model.This involves more than simply write a set of equations from an article or book. To signal your understanding you might for example provide an intuitive explanation of the overall model or key steps in solving the model work out some steps in a models solution explicitly, when (as is often the case) this is not done explicitly in the original source develop and work through a variation of the model not developed explicitly in the reading compare and contrast the model with other related models assess the assumptions used and the limitations they pose apply the model judiciously to a particular situation.Presentation and style Grammar and recite matter. Leave plenty of time for editing the final draft to improve grammar. Use a spellchecker, but remember that spell checkers do not pick up all mistakes. Incorrect spelling of names and jargon can be particularly irritating. Be precise and concise. Conciseness allows you to include more within the word limit. Think about how to present data or information effectively. Tables or figures can be useful presentational tools. Refer ences should be presented accurately and consistently. See the lists of preliminary readings for a suggested standard style.Citations and plagiarism Quotations should be used judiciously, if at all, to support or illustrate an argument. The source of any quotation should be all the way stated, including the page reference. Data sources should be clearly cited. When summarising or describing someones work the source or sources should be clearly stated. The University of Edinburghs Undergraduate Assessment Regulations state Plagiarism is the act of copying or including in ones own work, without adequate citation, intentionally or unintentionally, the work of another. It is academically fraudulent and an offence against University discipline. (http//www.docs.sasg.ed.ac.uk/AcademicServices/Regulations/UG_AssessmentRegulations.PDF, para. 14.2) The University of Edinburghs Guidance on the Avoidance of Plagiarism for Undergraduate and Taught Postgraduate Students states Plagiarism is the act of including in ones own work the work of another person, without adequate acknowledgement of having done so, either deliberately or unintentionally. (http//www.docs.sasg.ed.ac.uk/AcademicServices/Discipline/StudentGuidanceUGPGT.pdf ) The Undergraduate Assessment Regulations add The innocent misuse or citation of material without formal and victorian acknowledgement can comprise plagiarism, even when there is no deliberate intent to cheat. Work may be plagiarised if it consists of close paraphrasing or unconfessed summary of a source, as well as word-for-word transcription. Any failure adequately to acknowledge or properly reference other sources in submitted work could lead to lower marks and to disciplinary action being taken. (http//www.docs.sasg.ed.ac.uk/AcademicServices/Regulations/UG_AssessmentRegulations.PDF , para. 14.2) The three preceding bullet points avoid plagiarism, by properly acknowledging sources (but would not, on their own, constitute a good essay or d issertation).Most study skills books contain further advice on essay writing. The Main Library Reading Room has an extended collection of study skills books, which contain advice on essay writing. Several books are devoted specifically to writing skills, for example

Employment and Delegation Essay Example for Free

Employment and Delegation EssayIn the scenario given on that point were five behaviors of delegation used. They were clarifying the assignment, specifying the employees range of discretion, allow the employees to participate, inform others that delegation has occurred, and establish proper feedback channels. In this paper, each behavior will be discussed as used in the scenario, and will give specific detail of how we as managers would name handled the delegation. Clarity of the assignment, is providing clear expectations of an assignment with details, deadlines, an audience, and the importance of the assignment being through on time. This is the first step in the delegation process of the project. If we ask some whizz to complete one of our assignments, we would want to be sure that the assignment is do the way we would have entire it. Theres a reason why we asked that particular person. If it was something anyone could do you can ask for volunteers. Informing others that de legation has occurred is essential behavior in the delegation process. Obviously Ricky has other employees that he manages. So it is significant to inform those employees about the delegation as well. He chose Bill because of his three year go steady in the contracts group.However, there isnt any mention of addressing Rickys other employees. Since he assigned Bill to this project what about Bills daily duties? Is Ricky going to provide Bill with encourage in regards to his daily work, or will he be required to complete both the project and his work? Thats what we do not go to sleep, but they were having a meeting in the morning to discuss the assignment. These are issues Ricky has to figure out now, along with informing his staff, because if Ricky did not inform his other employees, they may perceive it as favoritism and think he is trying to hide it from everyone.Ricky should also inform Bill of the reasons he chose him at their meeting in the morning, and also let him know he will be communicating the project to the rest of the team so they are aware Bill will be working on the assignment for the given time frame. Normally in those situations you look to the person who may be capable of doing the job based on previous experience. It is important to share the wealth when it comes to delegating task to the staff. I would assume that Bill is one of the go-to guys that can and is able to complete task with assigned deadlines.However, the behavior skills that tucker out out to me the most are clarify the assignment, inform others that the delegation has occurred, and establish feedback channel. It is important that Ricky clarifies with Anne what the guidelines for the new manual are so that he can understandably communicate them Bill. Setting up one-on-one sessions or a team meeting will be useful to inform all team members of the decision. Lastly, Ricky should find up periodic reviews with Bill to check on his progress and also see if any assistance is nee ded. agree that some of the delegation skills where used in this scenario, but not all were used fully.I like the point made earlier in the discussion that Ricky probably manages more then one employee, In the scenario I think Anne did a poor job for a few reasons. 1) Ricky already was working on a major project, and as his stomp she should have been aware of that before she asked him to do it. She may have been, but this is what we dont know. 2) Anne asked Ricky to do the assignment. Obviously there was a reason why she asked him, so when he requested Bill to replace him why did she allow it? If I delegate an assignment to my employee I want the person to do what I asked.I tint that clarifying the assignment, specifying the employees range of discretion, allow the employee to participate were the delegation skills used the most in the scenario, while establishing feedback channels and inform others that delegation has occured wasnt as much if any. I remember an old say form a ma nager I had who would say, inspect what you expect We are tasked to ensure what we empower our workforce to accomplish is completed the way we expect it to be done. However, if we do not adequately communicate our expectations to the employee, than how will we be able to hold them reliable for the job.Now, am I saying we should micro-manage? Never And im sure no body wants to spend time micro-managing. What we do want to ensure though is task completion and work from a decentralize form of management so the employee doesnt get frustrated in their job. Bottom line, we empower people everyday, the question is how much do we trust them? Allow the employee to participate. We have that found the employees participation is the best means to empower them not only in their job, but it gives them personal satisfaction. Now, this can be somewhat dangerous because you never want to give them an unchecked decision machine.As the section mention, you allow the employee to participate in that decision and then a set limit of chest is transferred to them for the project. We know, from experience that you must maintain that channel of communication with the employee so to keep them on the right direction. This will be training opportunities for managers with the employee in how to better marque decisions without being biased. I know it can be challenging at times and personal matters may strive to cloud our decision process, but over time the employee will learn how to set aside personal reasoning.

G4S Is The Biggest Security Company In UK Marketing Essay

G4S Is The Biggest Security Company In UK Marketing Essay1) displayG4S is not just the biggest security company of the UK,s now it is the one of the biggest company of the world.G4S took strong start in 2007 and organic turnover growth of 7.5% in the first of all six months of 2007. break away Buckles, Chief Executive Officer of G4S said in 2007 the firm had a enjoyed a good start to the year with strong performances crosswise all regions and services, despite the waning strength of the US dollar. firm also reported cash flow generation of 97.7m and profit margins of 6.2% up 0.3% on the corresponding period last year. We hope the strong momentum achieved so far this year to continue into the second half, Buckles said. The first half of 2007 also saw G4S employing 500,000 throng for the first time. The company maintained its strong margin performance and good growth record.2) MissionMission of Create aw arness about the safe use of securities and detention of property to our cust omers and prospective users nationwide, projecting confidence through experience and varied offer of services as a result of our corporate purification of search and wear outment.3) VisionRemain one of the leading security solutions and expertness through the delivery of outsourcing services world-class cash management and door-to-door security, pore on customer needs and investing in recruitment and development of our best people in the industry, we will provide innovative services in each of our businesses.4) ObjectiveOur overall goal is to become recognized by the skilled execution and superior services to our customers.This means meet with the specific objectives, which beAbsolute confidence in our employeesPermanent customer satisfactionReasonable profit efficacy of our operationsValuesLoyaltyCommitmentCompetitivenessDiscipline rightThe G4S family is committed to its corporate vision and to be supported through fair, transparent and participatory engagement. Serving in th is way we fulfill the duties to our shareholders, employees, family members, providers, state and community.5) Competitive graceDemand often depends on the income of consumers or the profitability of business customers, because many technology products and services are expensive. The profitability of individual companies is driven by their ability to develop and market new products. Large companies often have advantages in access to capital and marketing. Small companies hatful compete successfully if they have expertness in a particular field of knowledge. The industry is capital-intensive average annual revenue enhancement per worker is more than $300,000.Top G4S plc CompetitorsCompaniesLocationProse r Compaa de Seguridad, S.A.guMadrid,SpainSecuritas ABStockholm,SwedenUTC Fire SecurityFarmington,CTBoca Raton,FLRichmond,VANashville,TNHunt Valley,MDBoca Raton,FLCarmel,INSolna,SwedenLondon,EnglandTokyo,JapanStakeholdersCustomers , employees and their representative , investor, in dustries bodies Government and legislator and experts are all the stakeholders of g4s and engaged with each other.6) G4S (PLC) has a entire of 4 major shareholders.Together they account for 20.07% of the total shares in issue.Major share holders Amount %HoldingHarris associates LP 85,35,700 6.04Prudential Corporation 71,384,444 5.06Blackrock Inc 70,570,646 5.00Legal habitual group plc 56,54,546 3.97Direct holderNick Buckles 1798,467 0.13Trevor Dighton 1,226,819 0.087Grahame Gibson 1,206,8542 0.086Executive Directors Share HoldingNick Buckles 1798,467 (Chief Executive)Trevor Dighton 1,226,819 (Chief Financial Officer)Grahame Gibson 1,206,8542 (Chief Operating Officer)7) SWOT Analysis7.1) StrengthDiversity is a source of strength for G4S in the UK and Ireland and one that gives us a key competitive advantage.It wants to build an inclusive working environment in which people fag end thrive and reach their full potential regardless of race, sex, religion or beliefs, disability, mari tal or civil partnership status, age, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression. Company policies and practices are written to ensure that people understand what is required, the importance of complying and the consequences of not doing so. Company also have a telephone helpline which allows disclosures to be do in confidence.As a security company, with a clear weighting towards traditionally male-dominated occupations, face challenges in driving the diversity and inclusion agenda .Company string out up opportunities for people with disabilities and health conditions to work at more than 1,000 sites operated by Trillium and provided with security services by G4S. However, there is still much to be done to raise awareness of the business benefits of diversity, and to implement strategies to harness these benefits. Therefore at the end of 2010, the role of Group Head of Diversity and Talent was created to develop and implement a diversity strategy across G4S globally.7.2) We aknessWorlds biggest security company fell 3.4 per cent in the wake of its full-year results on concerns that organic revenue improvement was slowing.Nick Buckles eyeing expansion into BrazilEDITORS CHOICERussia in dogfight for India contract Mar-11Aerospace and defence deals down Feb-21Thales paints gloomy picture amid big loss Feb-20Nick Buckles, chief executive, said that over the coming year the FTSE 100 group would continue to diversify beyond traditional and low-margin manned guarding.He said G4S had increasingly provided clients with technology such as identity management, biometrics and sophisticated digital video monitoring in part because it can help them keep cost down.Pre-tax profits at G4S, which guards nuclear weapons establishments, manages prisons and clears landmines, rose from 262.7m to 302.8m in the year to December 31 on sales of 7.01bn (5.93bn).The group benefited from the weakness of sterling and, assuming currencies had been constant, sales improved 7.4 per cent.A relatively strong performance in new markets across Asia, Africa and South America helped offset weakness in continental atomic number 63 and North America.Mr Buckles, who expects G4S to spend between 100m and 150m on acquisitions this year, said he was eyeing expansion into Brazil.Earnings per share were 14.4p (11.1p). The board recommended a final dividend of 4.16p, giving a total for the year of 7.18p (6.43p).The shares closed down 9.4p at 269.2p.7.3) Oppurtunity24th February 2010 G4S, the worlds leading international security solutions group, has unveiled a promising novel Filipino athlete as the newest member of its global sports team, G4S 4teen. After an extensive search Charly Suarez, a talented 21 year-old featherweight boxer from Davao city, has been selected to join the unique sporting initiative and complete the line-up of young sporting hopefuls in G4Ss inspirational programme. World class boxers after G4S recognised qualities and values in the sport that si t close to their own, a comprehensive selection process was run in conjunction with the Filipino Boxing Federation. As a young Olympic sportsman with huge potential, Suarez was selected from a rate of young talented boxers as a perfect match for the aspirational sports programme. With an impressive list of achievements already to his name, including a recent Gold medal at the South East Asian Games in Laos, the 21 year-old has demonstrated determination, courage, and tenacity in becoming a top amateur boxer in The Philippines characteristics that are integral to the G4S 4teen programme.7.4) ThreatRetail crime-the threat Almost one in ten retail employees has committed a crime against their employer in the last 12 months reveals G4SOver 160,000 retail employees have consumed produce without paying for it in the last year. Over 28,000 retail employees have stolen goods when in transit.New research published by G4S Secure Solutions (UK) (G4S) reveals almost one-in-ten (224,000) retail employees have committed a crime against their employer in the last 12 months. The most common crime committed by retail employees was consuming produce without paying for it, with over 160,000 workers secretly stealing food. Over 56,000 retail employees admit to outright theft from their employer in the last 12 months, removing items from a store in which they were working without paying for them.G4S warns that unsecured vehicle loading bays prove an attractive target for retail employees looking to remove goods without permission. Its research shows that over 28,000 retail employees have admitted to stealing goods when in transit to a shop, or between a storage area and the shop floor. The diversion of goods in the supply chain, from the distributor or manufacturer, before they reach the shop floor is a major problem for retailers with significant revenues lost each year as a result of merchandise being stolen.Retailers mitigate against the threat from within and minimises losses from employee shrinkage.StrategyThe underlying focus of G4S strategy is to add value to the magnetic core services that it is already provide by taking a greater role not just in specialist security areas, but in total outsourcing of the management of environments where security and safety is key.By this G4S becomes a partner with its customers and takes greater responsibility for managing entire aspects of their business which are not core to them, and where G4S can add value through its security and segment expertise.For examplehigh-security facility outsourcingcash cycle managementATM network management and servicing chance management and consultancyprison design and managementoffender management programmes.Strategy implementationSecurity remains at the core of offer it is an area in which company have extensive expertise across the Group and is fundamental to our service proposition. In recent years, added expertise to businesses in key areas and sectors such as events, risk assessment and consulting, ports, aviation, oil and gas, bid capability and project management skills.This enables to focus on creating customer propositions tailored for specific industry sectors which demonstrate expertise in these areas. At the same time, Company is building relationships at a senior level within our customer organisations which should ultimately gain a larger share of customer commitment and spend on secure outsourcing solutions.

Overview Impact of UNICEF for Vulnerable Children

Overview Impact of UNICEF for Vulnerable ChildrenExecutive summaryEveryone all have the reform to the lead the lives they choose free from jest at as a result of one conquerable issuings, danger to health and life or overdue to both former(a) circumstances. Unfortunately there be times and scenarios where people are faced with neglects, tr eats to life, exploitation harm and abuse especially clawren. It is very important to in convinced(predicate) that people who are vulnerable receives all the basic support and assistance to keep them safe and protected all the time.joined Nations Inter commonwealthal Children Emergency silver (UNICEF) is part of the worlds organisations providing supporter and support to the vulnerable from all over the world after working in over one vitamin C and ninety (190 different countries.However, UNICEF is readily available to respond to emergencies that strike any person or countries delivering lifesaving do to children within 48 hours (UNI CEF, 2014). This organisation helps in fivesome major areas of concern which includes, violence exploitation and abuse, Disease, Hunger and malnutrition, war and conflict and Disasters.Furthermore, it john be seen that all this areas are the worlds more or less laboured scenarios which makes UNICEF the world most recognised organisation that provides support. It is however the only organisation that is specifically named under the United Nation (UN) convection on the rights of a child as a source of expert assistant and adviser.Table of Contents (Jump to)Executive summaryINTRODUCTIONWHY SUPPORT THE WORK OF THIS ORGANISATIONINTRODUCTIONA vulnerable person is referred to as anyone who is or may be, in any chance unable to take care of his or herself financially, health wise or issues concerning signifi foundationt harm or exploitation. This maybe as a result of mental illness, physical disabilities, sensory impairment, war, archaic age or as the case maybe.However, due to all t hese above vulnerability, such an individual or group of people are liable to receive care services in their houses, participation or even country as a whole. This health care practices or support are usually carried bug out by registered organisation whose doctor aim is to protect people in need and the vulnerable.UNICEF was originally establish by the united nation in December 1946 by the united nation to provide food, clothing to the European children after the World War 2, when the countries were facing disease and famine.UNICEF is part of the worlds leading organisation that provides support to vulnerable people. This organisation works for children and child rights and other related issues, having tentacles in over more than one hundred and ninety (190) countries, including families, local communities, business partners and Government to help each and every child reach their full potential.Fig 1 (UNICEF, 2014)WHY SUPPORT THE WORK OF THIS ORGANISATIONUNICEF is known for the ir positive impact in the nations welfare considering the vulnerable and the less privileged people. Right now children and lots of people face violence, diseases, and hunger, war and natural disaster. This issue is come alarming and due course to reduce it are really be concentrated on by organisation like SCOPE, OXFAM, NSPCC especially UNICEF.UNICEF helps ensure that most of the worlds children are in good condition, fed, vaccinated educated, protected and taken care of than any other leading organisation. UNICEF is based and established in over 190 countries in the world, influencing the laws, policies and customs of such countries in other to help benefit the vulnerable people or people in need.United Nation International Children Emergency Fund (UNICEF) is a compassionate organisation that believes that every persons lives matters throughout their life time right up until they die, and that no one deserves to be in an avoidable pain, sufferings or any kind of unrestrained distress.This organisation was established in order to conquer the parapet of poverty, violence, diseases and discrimination placed in every childs path. Not supporting this kind of organisation after considering all the positive things and actions they carry out is like ignoring JESUSs coming.ISSUES BEING ADDRESSED BY THE ORGANISATIONUNICEF is the driving force that helps build a world where the rights of every child are realised. It is believed that nurturing and caring for children and the people in needs are the cornerstones of homo progress. UNICEF focuses on five big and major dangers children faces in the world today. Which areViolence, exploitation and abuseDiseaseHunger and malnutritionWar and conflictDisasterViolence, exploitation and abuse According to the UNICEF UK report, every five minutes a child dies as a result of violence, while more children live in fear and panic of physical, emotional and sexual abuse and however this has a long term effect on any children tha t is being exposed to such a bad experience. In some cases children are being beaten up, raped or even to the extent of murder in some cases as a result of violence. (UNICEF, 2010)Children that are victim of violence are likely to develop soldiers exposed to conflict which means they later be lured into being a drug addict, drunk or mentally derailed due to series of horrible experience they went through.Post-traumatic stress unsoundness is one of the long lasting symptoms that tends to happen to children that have been abuse or victim of violence. Child trafficking is also one of the abuse which any children could face.As a charitable organisation, UNICEF helps protect these children and their families by setting up services and working as part of a team with the government to ensure national child protection system are effective. And also informative declarations are made to the communities to change their approach towards abuse and violence and know that it is not acceptable.Di sease a lot of children are in danger of deadly but preventable diseases e.g tuberculosis, tetanus, measles, polio, diphtheria and whooping cough. Children dies from these diseases as a result of lack of health care facilities in the country. And all these diseases can easily be prevented by immunisation.It is noted that children faces a lot of challenges but diseases is one of the greatest. 1 in 3 deaths of children under 5 years old are preventable by vaccines and 4 out of 5 children are immunised with the help of UNICEF.Every year a lot of children dies from disease such as cholera, typhoid and diarrhoeas due to inadequate access to safe water and sanitation services and lack of poor hygiene practice and this is one the major causes of under-five mortality.However UNICEF being the worlds largest vaccines distributor. They also support immunisation programmes in more than hundred countries to protect children live. When a certain country is sacking through natural disaster or an y kind of epidemic disease, UNICEF is always there to provide vaccination campaigns.Furthermore, UNICEF works with more than ninety (90) countries to mend children live through better water supplies and sanitation facilities in schools and communities by promoting safe hygiene such as practising hand washing techniques, making sure they do everything it takes to stop disease spreading and killing.War and Conflict Countries like South Sudan, central Africa, Republic of Iraq and Syria. War and conflict has put lives of millions of children in rottenly danger and treat. These children having lost their homes, families and loved ones and even their own lives in some cases. As a result of this, most of this children become vulnerable to many other dangers such as diseases, malnutrition, violence, exploitation, they often become orphans and homeless children.UNICEF are always there to provide lifesaving food, water, medicine, protection and psychological support to children whose lives have been ruined due to the effects of the war and conflicts. It also ensures that children caught up in war and conflicts gets the help they deserve in order to stay safe and strong.Hunger and malnutrition Every human being needs food and water to survive. A lot of children are in danger because of inadequate supply of food and water. As a result of malnutrition a child dies every 15 seconds especially in parts of Africa. More children live with the lifetime effects such as physical disabilities and teaching difficulties.When a child is born, the first couple thousand days tends to be the most crucial days in their lives. And so if they do not get enough nutrients during those days, their brains and bodies are liable to not developing properly.UNICEF helps mothers and communities to keep their children healthy and well nourished. It provides 80% of the emergency food that saves life. By making sure that children eat food that gives them enough nutrient they need in their body. Thi s has helped cut the number of children that are badly affected by nearly 100 million since 1990. completely this is because of the food provided by UNICEF.Disaster Due to climatic changes, a lot of severe and frequent natural disaster, food crises and rainfall patterns changing are put people especially children in danger. Natural disasters such as flood, earthquake, tsunami and typhoon results in children losing their homes, families and lives.After any kind of disaster, children are left vulnerable to many emotional breakdown, exploitation and this make so people homeless in the case of tsunami or flood, or death in some cases where people are being engulfed into the ground in the case of earthquake.However UNICEF as an organisation is always there to provide help for children that has gone through this terrible disaster in order to stay strong and focused and give them enough assurance that would encourage them they could still have the lives they never thought they would ever have again. With the help of the Government, people and UNICEF provides life-saving supplies for the children immediately after an emergency and also help the communities to help rebuild their homes, towns and schools or any damages caused as a result of the disaster. destructionAfter making child survival rates better than before, including all the above mentioned care being rendered to every vulnerable individual, UNICEF being a charitable organisation should be well publicised so that people and other less privileged or not well known communities and people can be reached by its good work.I would also like to suggest that everyone should embrace this organisation and continues to work with it so that the sharing of the important responsibility of service of process and keeping vulnerable people safe is achieved.BibliographyUNICEF. (2010, January 10). Retrieved from UNICEF http//www.unicef.org/whatwedo/UNICEF. (2014, January 12). Retrieved from UNICEF http//www.unicef.org.uk/mob ile/about-unicef.htmlvolunteer now. (2010, 12 22). safe guarding vulnerable adults . Retrieved from http//rqia.org.uk/cms_resources/safeguarding-vulnerable-adults-a-shared-responsibility-colour-nl.pdfPage 1

Economic thought from ancient societies

Economic intellection from ancient societiesINTRODUCTIONThe oriental school of stintingal mentation basically deals with the lease of the origin of economic thought from conf occasiond ancient societies including the Hindu, Hebrew, Indian, Roman, Grecian, and Islamic societies. It has been observed that the main atomic number 18a looked into by the Hebrews and Hindus was based on agricultural economics and all this information was drawn from the composing of the pious law givers who were baffle at the time. These ancient writings consisted of ideas on various(a) economic aspects much(prenominal) as component part of labour, cottage industries, forest and mines, divvy up and trading practices, opinion of wealth, transport, banking and loans, etc. Some of the writers who also played a role in the development of this economic thought include Roman writers such as Cicero, Pliny Gato, Varro and Columella.During this period, and until the industrial revolution, economics was not a separate discipline but part of philosophy. Its evolution into a distinct discipline of train in the social sciences can be attributed greatly to these early writers. Roman law also developed the contract recognizing that planning and commitments all over time are essential for efficient production and avocation. This banging bole of law was unified as the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 530s AD by Justinian, who was Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire. In Ancient India, Chulavamsa records that Parakramabahu of Sri Lanka had debased the currency of Ancient Sri Lanka in order to produce money to support this large scale infrastructure projects. Parakramabahu also pioneered free good deal during his reign. Many of the topics discussed during these ancient times are thus far prevalent in modern economics, including passwords on the management of a solid and efficient economy and the moral philosophy of economics. These ancient thoughts also focused on issues of welfare, for instance, re distribution of wealth during a famine.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMAncient economic thought is very much wide and its study provides a broad primer for comparison of the ancient approach to economic issues as compared to issues arising in the modern world economies. The large number of ancient thinkers who contributed to this thought differed in beliefs and practices. Also, information on some of these ancient cultural-economic practices is very scanty and thus makes this enquiry into the oriental school of economic thought necessary so as to be able to get a better understanding(a) of the underlying economic issues of both the past and put in.JUSTIFICATIONWith the evolution of economics, many writers concur come up with different theories about different areas in the subject. So as to be able to critically assess these different theories and understand the agreement which connects us with the ancient times, sleep withledge on the origin of the early stages of economic thought is necessary for one to be able to take a well(p) informed and unbiased stand on contentious economic issues arising today and hence the need for this study.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo understand the principles and concepts of the oriental school of economic thought.To know the key contributors of ancient economic thought.To evaluate and criticize how the ancient societies carried out their economic activities.To find out the major contributions of the oriental school of thought to the body of knowledge that exists today.To get a clearer understanding of the position of economics as a distinct member of a group of social sciences.Ancient dependable EastEconomic organizations in the earliest civilizations of the Fertile Crescent were driven by the need to efficiently grow crops in the river basins. The Euphrates and Nile Valleys were homes to earliest examples of codified measurements pen in base 60 and Egyptian shares. Keepers of royal granaries and absentee Egyptian land owners reported in the Heganakht Papyri. Historians of this period note that the major tool of accounting for agrarian societies, the sales used to measure grain inventory, reflected dual religious and ethical symbolic meaning. The Erlenmeyer tablets give a picture of Sumerian production in the Euphrates vale around 2, 200 2, 100 B.C., and shows an understanding of the relationship between grain and labour inputs ( pass judgmentd in female labour days) and outputs and an emphasis on efficiency. Egyptians measured become output in man-days. The development of sophisticated economic administration continued in the Euphrates and Nile Valleys during the Babylonian Empire and Egyptian Empires when trading units spread through the contiguous East within pecuniary systems.Egyptian fraction and base 60 monetary units were extended in use and diversity to Greek, early Islamic culture, and chivalrous cultures. By 1202 A.D, Leonardo Pisa Fibonacci use of zero and Vedic-Islamic numerals c ause Europeans to apply zero as an exponent, birthing modern decimals 350 years later. The city states of Sumer developed a tack market place economy based originally on the commodity money of the shekel which was a certain weight measure of barley, while the Babylonians and their city state neighbours later developed the earliest system of economics using a metric of various commodities, which was fixed in a legal code. The early law codes from Sumer could be considered the front (written) economic formula, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today, such as codified amounts of money for credit line deals (interest rates), fines in money for wrong doing, inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, etc.Ancient Greco-Roman worldSome prominent unpolluted scholars assert that relevant economic thought was based on metaphysical principles which are incommensurate with contemporary dominant economic theories such as neo-classical economics. However, some(prenominal) ancient Greek and Roman thinkers made various economic observations especially Aristotle and Xenophon. Many other Greek writings show understanding of sophisticated economic concepts. For instance, a form of Greshams law is presented in Aristophanes Frogs, and beyond Platos application of sophisticated mathematical advances influenced by the Pythagoreans in his appreciation of flat money in his Laws (742 a-b) and in the pseudo-Platonic dialogue, Eryxlas.Bryson of Heraclea was a neo-platonic who is cited as having heavily influenced early Islamic economic scholarship. The influence of Babylonian and Persian thought on Greek administrative economics is present in the work of Greek historian Xenophon. Discussions of economic principles are especially present in his Oeconomicus, his biography of Cyrus the Great, Cyropaedia, Hiero and Ways and Means. Hiero is a minor work which includes discussion of leaders stimulating private produc tion and technology through various means including public recognition and awarding of prizes. Ways and Means is a presently treatise on economic development, and showed an understanding of the importance of taking advantage of economies of scale and advocated laws promoting foreign merchants. The Oeconomicus disc uses the administration of agricultural land. In the work, subjective personal value of goods is canvas and compared with exchange value Xenophon gives an example of a horse which may be of no use to a person who does not know how to track it, but still has exchange value. In Cyropaedia, Xenophon presents what in hindsight can be seen as the foundation for a theory of fair exchange in the market which testament result in the analysis of better fit or suitability to either party who wants to purchase the same item. Xenophon discusses the concept of division of labour, touchencing narrow cooks and workers in a shoe making shop. Marx attributes to Cyropaedia the idea th at the division of labour correlates to the size of a market.Roman law developed the contract recognizing that planning and commitments over time are necessary for efficient production and trade.Ancient IndiaChulavamsa records that Parakramabahu I of Sri Lanka had debased the currency of Ancient Sri Lanka in order to produce monies to support his large scale infrastructure projects. Parakramabahu I also pioneered free trade during his reign, a war was fought with Burma to defend free trade.Chanakya (c. 350 BC 275 BC) considered economic issues. He was a prof of Political Science at the Takshashila University of Ancient India, and later the Prime Minister of the Mauryan Emperor, Chandragupta Maurya. He wrote the Arthashastra (science of material gain). Many of the topics discussed in the Arthashastra are still prevalent in modern economics, including its discussions in the management of an efficient and solid economy. Chanakya also focuses on issues of welfare, for instance, redistr ibution of wealth during a famine and the collective ethics that hold a ordering together.The Arthashastra argues for an autocracy managing an efficient or solid economy. The qualities described are in effect that of a command economy. It discusses the ethics of economics and the duties and obligations of a king. Chanakya writes on the economic duties of a kingThe king shall be ever active in the management of the economy.The root of wealth is economic activity and lack of it brings material distress.In the absence of fruitful economic activity, both current prosperity and future growth will be destroyed.A king can achieve the desired objectives and abundance of riches by undertaking productive economic activity.Ancient ChinaIdeal and effective economic policy was long sort for in ancient China, one of the sterling(prenominal) early reformers being the Emperor Qin Shi Huang (r. 221 BC 210 BC), who standardized coin currency throughout the old warring states once he unified them under a strong underlying bureaucracy (which the Zhou dynasty had always lacked). However, one of the greatest reformists in China lived during the medieval Song dynasty (960 1279 AD), that being Chancellor Wang Anshi (1021 1086 AD). Wang Anshis political faction of the New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered on military reform, bureaucratic reform and economic reform. The economic reforms include low cost loans for farmers who he considered the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and the greatest source of the land tax. Replacing the corvee labour armed service with a tax instead, he enacted government monopolies on crucial industries producing tea, salt, and wine, introduction of local militia to ease the budget spending on the official standing army of one million troops and the establishment of a Finance Planning Commission staffed largely by political loyalists so that his reforms could pass rapidly with less time for conse rvatives to oppose it in court.Medieval Islamic WorldTo some degree, the early Islamics based their economic analyses on the Quran (such as the aspiration of riba, interest) and from Sunnah, the sayings and doings of Muhammad.Early Muslim thinkers, Al-Ghazali (1058 1111 A.D.) classified economics as one of the sciences connected with religion, along with metaphysics, ethics and psychology. Authors have noted, however, that this connection has not caused early Muslim economic thought to remain static.Persian philosopher Nasir al-Din-al-Tusi (1201 1274) presents an early definition of economics (what he calls Hekmat-e-madani, the science of city life) in discourse three of his ethics the study of universal laws governing the public interest welfare in so far as they are directed, through cooperation, toward the optimal (i.e. perfection).Many scholars trace the biography of economic thought through the Muslim world, which was in a Golden senesce from the 8th to 13th century and w hose philosophy continued the work of the Greek Hellenistic thinkers and came to influence Aquinas when Europe rediscovered Greek philosophy through Arabic translation. A common theme among these scholars was the praise of economic activity and fifty-fifty self-interested accumulation of wealth. The influence of earlier Greek and Hellenistic thought on the Muslim world began largely when Abbasid Caliph al-Mamun, who sponsored the translation of Greek texts into Arabic in the 9th century by Syrian Christians in Baghdad. But already by that time numerous Muslim scholars had written on economic issues, and early Muslim leaders had shown sophisticated attempts to enforce fiscal and monetary financing, use of deficit financing, use of taxes to encourage production, use of credit instruments for banking, including rudimentary savings and checking of accounts, and contract law.The origins of capitalism and free markets can be traced back to Caliphate where the first market economy and ea rliest form of merchant capitalism took root between the 8th and twelfth centuries, which some refer to as Islamic capitalism. A vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent. Innovative new business techniques and forms of business organizations were introduced by economists, merchants and traders during this time. Such innovations included the earliest trading companies, credit cards, big businesses, contracts, bills of exchange, long distance, international trade, the first forms of partnerships and the earliest forms of credit, debt, profit, loss, capital (al-mal), capital accumulation (nama-al-mal), circulating capital, capital expenditure, revenue, cheques, promissory notes, trusts, startup companies, savings accounts, transactional accounts, pawning, loaning, exchange rates, bankers, money changers, ledgers, deposits, assi gnments, the double entry bookkeeping system, and lawsuits. master(prenominal) FINDINGSAfter going through the history of the oriental school of thought in the previous section, the following economic aspects come out clearly as having been discovered and practiced by these early thinkersThe Concept of Production and TechnologyAncient leaders stimulated private production and technology through various means including public recognition and awarding of prizes to successful inventors and producers.Economies of ScaleWays and Means was a short treatise on economic development written by Xenophon, which showed an understanding of the importance of taking advantage of economies of scale in production activity and advocated for laws promoting foreign merchants.Administration of Agricultural LandAgriculture was considered the most honour occupation. In ancient India, the state took a leading part in developing agriculture and also demanded a fixed share of the gross produce. harm systemTh e early law codes from Sumer were the first (written) economic formula, and had many attributes still in use in the current price system today, such as codified amounts of money for business deals (interest rates), fines in money for wrong doing, inheritance rules, laws concerning how private property is to be taxed or divided, etc.Grain and Labour Inputs bloodThe Erlenmeyer tablets gave a picture of Sumerian production in the Euphrates valley around 2, 200 2, 100 B.C., and showed an understanding of the relationship between grain and labour inputs (valued in female labour days) and outputs and an emphasis on efficiency in production.Output of WorkThe Egyptians measured work output in man-days.Monetary UnitsThe Egyptian fraction and base 60 monetary units were extended in use and diversity to Greek, early Islamic culture, and medieval cultures. By 1202 A.D, Leonardo Pisa Fibonacci use of zero and Vedic-Islamic numerals motivated Europeans to apply zero as an exponent, birthing mod ern decimals 350 years later and hence the development of monetary units.ValueSubjective personal value of goods was analyzed and compared with exchange value. Xenophon gave an example of a horse which may be of no use to a person who does not know how to handle it, but still has exchange value.Theory of Fair ExchangeXenophon presented what in hindsight could be seen as the foundation of a theory of fair exchange in the market which will result in the analysis of better fit or suitability to either party who wants to purchase the same item.Division of LabourXenophon discussed the concept of division of labour, with reference to specialized cooks and workers in a shoe making shop who specialised in different tasks.Free TradeParakramabahu I pioneered free trade during his reign, this is evident because a war was fought with Burma to defend free trade in ancient India.WelfareIn India the leaders insisted on ensuring that the population as a whole has to be well looked after. For exampl e, Chanakya focused on issues of welfare, for instance, redistribution of wealth during a famine and the collective ethics that held a society together.Standardized Coin cashEmperor Qin Shi Huang of Ancient China, standardized coin currency throughout the old warring states after he unified them under a strong central bureaucracy.Low Cost Loans For FarmersIn Ancient China Wang Anshis political faction of the New Policies Group enacted a series of reforms that centered on military reform, bureaucratic reform and economic reform. The economic reforms included low cost loans for farmers whom he considered to be the backbone of the Chinese economy in terms of production of goods and the greatest source of the land tax.Land TaxThis was a source of revenue for the Ancient Chinese government from farmers, because during that period agriculture was the main driver of the economy.fiscal and Monetary FinancingThe Muslim leaders enforced various policy measures including fiscal and monetary f inancing, use of deficit financing, use of taxes to encourage production and use of credit instruments for banking.BankingThe early Muslim leaders had shown sophisticated attempts indlucing rudimentary savings and checking accounts, and contract law.Monetary EconomyBetween the 8th and 12th centuries, which some refer to as the period of Islamic capitalism, a vigorous monetary economy was created on the basis of expanding levels of circulation of a stable high-value currency (the dinar) and the integration of monetary areas that were previously independent of each other.SUGGESTIONSThe social organization manifested by the ancient civilizations should be critically looked at and applied to solve some socioeconomic problems still present today, especially in the developing nations.The organization of government and formulation of policies during the ancient times leaves a lot to be admired. Governments of the modern economies should pick some of these values.The concept of politics bei ng looked at separately from economics and policy formulation should be followed in todays modern economies for faster development and equality in the distribution of wealth.Welfare economics should be taken as seriously as it was taken in ancient times. For example, during periods of drought or famine, governments should not let peculiar(prenominal) groups of people suffer and instead they should distribute the available resources to the entire population.CONCLUSIONTheres no question or doubt as to whether ancient economic philosophies are still in extensive use today. The modern economy has evolved over centuries to become what it is today. The study of the history of economic thought enables the student to appreciate the contributions various writers have made to development of economics as a discipline. Although ancient economic theories were sometimes unclear, contradictory, or presented in a rudimentary manner, they form the basis of economic analysis today. These theories ar e still being used today by the worlds largest and most complicated and sophisticated economies.BIBLIPGRAPHYFalgas, Matthew E. Zarkadoulia, A. Effie, (2006). Arab Science in the Golden Age (750-1258) and Today. The FASEB Journal 20(10) 1581-1586.Hosseini, S. Hamid (2003). Contributions of Medieval Muslim Scholars to the History of Economic Thought and their Impact A Refutation of the Schumpeterian Great Gap.S. Lowry (2003). Ancient Medieval Economics. In Biddle, Jeff E. Davis, Jon B. Samuels, Warren J.A swain to the History of Economic Thought. Malden, MA Blackwell pp. 11-27.Schumpeter, Joseph (1954). History of Economic Analysis. New York, Oxford University Press.

Should Drugs Be Allowed In Sports? :: essays research papers

Drugs have been around for thousands of years but their reasons for being used has changed. Drugs were originally intended for medical uses. In ancient Egypt, physicians prescribed tannic acidulous to treat burns. The early Chinese and Greek pharmacies included opium used as a pain- killer, while Hindus used cannabis and henbane plants as an esthetic. With the advances in engineering drugs have become more helpful yet more deadly. Since drugs have become easier to get they have also become more popular with adolescent the great unwashed and competitors in sports. During the mid-nineteenth new drugs emerged from the laboratories athletes started to be experimented on. The French tried using caffeine to enhance their performances. While other Europeans were mixing cocaine and heroin to pass off them extra energy they called this drug speedball. In 1886 this deadly mix contributed to the first drug related death in sports by taking the life of a cross-country cyclist. Today the drug s have changed dramatically many athletes have done or are on anabolic steroids, amphetamines, depressants or what are known as brake drugs.Anabolic steroids are chemicals that are similar to testosterone, the male sex hormone. Steroids are used by a number or young people to enhance their go through mass and increase their performances. While anabolic steroids are successful at building muscle, they can damage many human form organs, such as the heart, kidneys and liver. Steroids are taken by injection or in pill form, after steroids enter the bloodstream they are distributed to organs and muscle throughout the body. Forty-eight percent of high school students use steroids to improve athletic performance. Steroids can increase performances for athletes but steroids also affect the mind and computer address of the person. Some effects of steroids are impaired learning and hearing, violent behavior, and overly aggressive behavior. When women take steroids they start to show signs of masculinity such as increase of the voice, increase in body and facial hair also the skin starts to roughen. Anabolic steroids give the one who takes them an unfair utility in athletic competition. The advantage that they receive is not the same as natural born characteristics of ability.Another drug that some professional athletes seem to have an obsession with is cocaine. Cocaine was considered to be the drug of the eighties and it proved to be especially in the sport of baseball. During the 1980s cocaine seemed to be the drug of baseball.

Hypnosis :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Hypnosis It Isnt Just For Circus Sideshows Anymore The highlight of my second day at Bryn Mawr College was going to see an exciting hypnosis show. I was one of the lucky few chosen to go up on stage and be made a fool of in front of three hundred other freshman. I stood up on the well-lit stage and listened intently to the oddly-dressed hypnotist. He told me to attempt to hold come in my arms straight and look at the ceiling, without moving my head. I followed his instructions, but five minutes later, I was asked to sit down because the performer did not olfaction that I was as susceptible to hypnosis as the other ten women on stage. Embarrassed, I returned to my seat to watch the merriment. I giggled as I watched people I had been on stage with laugh uncontrollably, dance the hula, and quack like ducks. After the show, I could not help but ask myself why these seemingly linguistic rule people would behave so ludicrously at the suggestion of a stranger. After talking with the som e of the subjects after the show, I was convinced that they were in a completely different brain state than the audience some of my friends felt the opposite. Such is the nature of hypnosis. Some believe that while under hypnosis the brain differs from other states others believe that this is not the case. Like the brain, hypnosis is mysterious. Therefore, it is no wonder that there is so much contention about hypnosis, its uses and effects. But, how does hypnosis work? What does it do to the brain? Is it a lucid way to get in touch with the unconscious? Evidence of the existence of hypnosis is seen as early as the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. In fact, hypnosis comes form the Greek word, hypnos, heart sleep. It has been used extensively throughout history and it recently recieved an increase in its legitimacy when in 1996, the National Institutes of Health publicly recommended that hypnosis be covered by health insurance, when used in conjunction with other forms of therapy (1). Hypnosis is a versatile tool. It is used for entertainment, medical recovery, and therapy, such as behavior modification and memory recollection. Hypnosis has been put down to allieve pains, phobias, addictions, irritable bowel syndrome, and asthma. Hypnosis has also been linked to memory recall. A person can hypnotize herself or agree to be hypnotized by some other (2).