A Comparison of Computer Graphics Cards :: Compare Contrast Video

A Comparison of Computer Graphics Cards In todays valet of modernistic computer games, the requirements that computers must meet to run these games are very, very steep ones. A major requirement of almost all high tech computer games is a decent nontextual matter card. With most of the games today being developed in 3-D, unlike the games a decade ago which were almost eternally 2-D, an advanced artistic production card is a must to get any amount of fun from these games. Two companies that are heavyweights in the ring of computer graphics are ATI and NVIDIA. ATI and NVIDIA are two main suppliers of almost all computer graphics cards in the U.S. and abroad, and while they supply cards for many opposite clients (engineers, graphic designers, architects), theyre main consumers are computer gamers. Computer gamers want to have the best performing computer possible to run these new advanced games. What this translates into is a need to have the best graph ics card, and since the latest graphics cards dont come cheap ($250-$550), computer gamers always do their homework when it comes to shopping for the latest graphics card. And when it comes to ATIs and NVIDIAs latest graphics cards, there is no end to how much analyzing and comparison their latest graphics cards will go through. ATIs most recently released graphics card is the X800 and NVIDIAs newest graphics card is the 6800. These two cards are in direct competition with each other and face a never ending comparison. When comparing these cards there are a number of good specifications to draw upon, but there are a certain few detailed specifications which most gamers will look at in depth. The tech specs that most computer gamers will look at are the AGP speed supported by the card, the DirectX version supported by the card, and the speed of the core and computer memory processors. Now although gamers look at those specifications in detail, there are a few other issues that most will look at before change surface getting that far into researching a graphics card. One of the prime concerns about these next generation cards is how much power the draw.

Demetrius in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay -- Midsumme

The Importance of Demetriusin Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights woolgatherThe character, Demetrius, in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream, is very difficult to identify except by his relation to the one he loves, or, more particularly, to the one who loves him. Helenas punch-drunk chasing after him and his irritation with her are the primary marks of his character. While in this state, he even begins to threaten Helena with bodily harm, coming off as not quite the gracious courtly lover he truly means to be. Its simple to discover his unchivalrous character by how easily his warmheartedness was distracted from Helena by Hermia in the beginning. He could be a gentle, loving man if he truly desired, but he takes satisfaction creation put in his place by otherwises. In the end, still under the spell of fairy magic and therefore not seeing with true eyes, he seems a bit imbecilic laughing at the acted lovers in the play. He doesnt realize it, but he is in a play of his own. Likewis e, as with the other characters, what happens to him is far more interesting than the sort of character he is. Shakespeare portrays the character, Demetrius, throughout the play as lacking self-confidence, rude, violent, lacking individuality and unromantic. Since Demetrius only has two lines throughout the entire first act, it shows that he cant stand up for himself, likewise, this lack of speech displays his lack of self-confidence and image Relent, sweet Hermia, and, Lysander, yield Thy crazed title to my certain(a) right (Demetrius, 1.1.93-94). Demetrius believes that since he has Egeus approval, that Hermia should relinquish to him and states that Lysander is going against his privilege. Demetrius takes advantage of his stature by claiming Hermia as a r... ...nsformation are all experienced by Demetrius to a bulky extent, especially with his lovers and enemies. His vile, yet sensitive personality really kept the reader examining what he could change into next, which seems as if they were more than just a single character. Demetrius, as a character, is essential to the play, for a backbone and plot. 1. When quoting, you need to use quotation marks around the quotes unless you are separating the quote from you text by indenting each line. Also, the terminal punctuation should come not inside the quotation marks but after the parentheses. If you are using other sources it is very important that you put in parentheses the name of the author and the page number on which the quote can be found. Also, if you are using other sources you should really, truly use a whole kit cited so that others can find that same source.

Alienated People :: essays research papers

The Oxford dictionary defines alienation as to estrange, isolate, detach, distance, to put a distance, to turn away from another person. Alienation, like a weed of other social attitudes and concepts, can give a wide variety of interests. I have found six main points in The Encyclopedia of Psychiatry, Psychology, and psychoanalysis that have gotten the most attention and things written about alienation A) Powerlessness The feeling, belief, or expectancy that a persons behavior cant control some events whether positive or negative, B) Meaninglessness The person feels incomprehensive in his/her social life and feels the "absurdity of life", C) Normlessness High expectancies for, or commitment to socially unapproved ways to achieving a goal, matchless will go about achieving a goal in a not normally excepted way, D) Cultural Estrangement persons individual values rejected by society, the image that the alienated values not being standard to that of the environment around him /her, E) Social Isolation The individuals low expectancy for inclusion and social exceptance, being sole(a) and commonly found a member of a minority or physically disabled, F) Self Estrangement This focuses on the discrepancy or differences between ones nonesuch self and ones actual self. In the novel, The Metamorphosis, Gregor wakes up one morning as a giant insect and feels out of place. When Gregor sees his father and his attitude to him, Gregor feels alienated in that fact that his father yells and shows his anger and frustration to his son and throws an apple which gets stuck in his slimy backside. His father feels Gregor has not become successful and a failure. He likely also feels that he has let his sister down along with his mother for not being supportive enough as the father was not. Continuing with the aforementioned(prenominal) concept of Mr. Samsa not being a good father, Gregor felt alienated again by his mother and sister by not filling in the father role while his father was out or doing whatever. His mom and sister took things out of his room and the only thing left was a discover of a woman who he probably felt was the only thing close to him. His boss surely wasnt and his family was sure not there either.In I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Maya gets an incredible toothache and is taken to the dentist who refuses to work on her because of her race.

Outsourcing and Offshoring of IT to India :: Workforce Work Jobs Globalization

Outsourcing and Offshoring of IT to India Introduction One of the hottest trends today for big corporations is outsourcing and offshoring. Outsourcing simply manner a company based in one nation will hire from other nations in order to to a greater extent efficient accomplish its goals. It makes wizard on the part of the corporation, why pay a programmer in the US $80,000 a year when they can pay a programmer in India less than 1/10th of that salary, and make him a very happy man. This because even when he is earning 1/10th of the US salary, he is still earning more money than he ever hoped to get in that industry in India. It seems like a win-win situation1, that there is still a loser The growing unemployed population of the US. As more jobs go overseas, more US citizens are finding themselves becoming obsolete. Recent History of IT in the US betwixt 1987 and 1997 imports used in US manufacturing rose from 10.5% to 16.2%2 and in High Technology rose from 26 % to 38%. The US has a long accounting of outsourcing blue-collar jobs, including those that are intermediate steps within business processes in many industrial sectors. Manufacturings outsourcing success can be attributed to the lower personify expressions found in many East Asian countries such as China, Taiwan, South Korea, and Malaysia and others2. These countries not only provide a lower cost structure, but also have a highly educated work force and business friendly environment. Outsourcing of blue-collar jobs has increased the demand of white-collar jobs in the US. The concentrate on white-collar jobs by US firms has pushed US profitability upwards. The outsourcing trend continues to eat up the value chain from blue-collar jobs to white collar jobs3. The software product industry is experiencing an outsourcing trend to countries such as China and most significantly to India. The proliferation of the Internet has opened easier access to information and collaborative envir onments. Previously communication cost and access to mind power was limited. The Internet made communication costs virtually free and collaboration with groups around the makes software engineering and collaboration tasks easier. In additional, liberalization of free markets across international lines has made it easier for companies to set up and outsource engineering tasks throughout the world. Business-process and software outsourcing rely on cheaper cost structure as found in East Asia with manufacturing4.

My Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Philosophy of Education

Philosophy of Education To be an good educator, I believe one must have a foundation of moral and respectable principles. An educator should support the learning environment, while being flexible and teachable. He or she must also lay a foundation of beliefs on how individuals learn, desire to enable individuals to reach their optimal potential. My personal educational philosophy begins with believing all children are unique individuals, with different emotions and different styles of learning. An educator has the incredible challenge of attempting to meet those needs. As an educator, I believe all children deserve the opportunity and resources that would better enable them to reach their maximum potential. Classroom management is essential to effective teaching. While the reasons for misbehavior can be attention seeking, health problems, boredom, or simple frustration, how the problem behavior is dealt with will eliminate, decrease, or increase the behav ior. Therefore, teachers should evaluate and sic appropriate strategies to increase or decreas...

My Philosophy of Teaching Essay -- Philosophy of Education

Philosophy of Education To be an effective educator, I believe one mustiness have a foundation of moral and ethical principles. An educator should support the learning environment, while being flexible and teachable. He or she must also lay a foundation of beliefs on how individuals learn, seeking to enable individuals to leave their optimal potential. My personal educational philosophy begins with believing all children are incomparable individuals, with different emotions and different styles of learning. An educator has the incredible challenge of attempting to meet those needs. As an educator, I believe all children deserve the opportunity and resources that would better enable them to reach their maximum potential. Classroom management is essential to effective teaching. While the reasons for mis look can be attention seeking, health problems, boredom, or simple frustration, how the problem behavior is dealt with will eliminate, decrease, or increase the behavior. Therefore, teachers should evaluate and determine appropriate strategies to increase or decreas...

Four Seasons Hotel Case Study Essay

A companys dodging force out be identified by figuring out what melody approaches and actions the company undertakes. Thompson et al. (2009) outline the key elements to look for in the process of understanding a companys strategy. iv Seasons differentiation based focused strategy is evident from the organisations strategicalal actions. Sharps decision to build on high-end extravagance and modern amenities so as to outdo the old grand hotels (p.3, para.3) is an example of efforts to pursue new opportunities or defend against threats as well as actions to outcompete rivals, which provides basis for differentiation.By focusing on medium-sized hotels of exceptional quality with exceptional service levels (p.3, para.3), four Seasons defines the business scale and differentiates itself from competitors through providing superior quality and service. This is mavin of the moves to build a competitive advantage thus outcompeting rivals. The action to go public to raise funds (p.3, pa ra.4) is a response to changing external circumstances, which supports the business growth and paves the way for Four Seasons to be the grocery store leader. In order to serve diverse needs of the customers, Four Seasons extends into the fields of luxury resorts (p.4, para.1) and residential properties (p.4, para.4).With such(prenominal) action to diversify, it enables Four Seasons to serve a market niche. An example of actions to merge or acquire rival companies is the self-control acquisition of Regent (p.4, para.2), and a strategic alliance is formed via selling stake to Prince Alwaleed (p.4, para.4). By doing so, Four Seasons breaks its competitive do as the market leader. The shift of focus from ownership to circumspection operate (p.4, para.3) reflects Four Seasons efforts to pursue new opportunities or defend against threats and its responses to changing external conditions. The business model of Four Seasons is defined by this strategic shift.The regional worry struc ture (p.5, para.4), the finalisation process of budget plan (p.6, para.2), the human resource management (p.8, para.3), and the recruitment policy (p.8, para.5) are examples of how functional activities are managed in Four Seasons. By optimising functional activities, it enables improved quality and customer service provided. Four Seasons actions to alter geographic coverage lie in its international expansion plan (p.7, para.3), which enables business growth by reaching new markets and new customers.The distinctiveness ofproperties that reflects the local culture (p.8, para.1) is another example of actions to diversify, which leads to differentiation. The actions to strengthen resources and capabilities that support quality and customer service improvement include the training and development programs (p.9, para.1) and the new initiatives to offer added convenience to guests (p.10, para.2). By linking the actions with the strategy, it can be summarised that a companys strategic ac tions are driven by the strategy it employs (Thompson et al., 2009).Strategic Fit with External EnvironmentStrategically relevant influences from the external environment can have a significant impact on the companys strategy. Therefore, the strategy that the company employs must be responsive to the external environment (Thompson et al., 2009). The external environment away(p) Four Seasons affects its strategy in many aspects.PoliticalThe events such as the Iraq war, the September 11th attack and terrorism impact the hotel industry significantly, which lead to fall profitability. As a response to the circumstances, Four Seasons dedicates to international expansion. Through wider geographic presence, it allows Four Seasons to make more than profits in the areas that are less wedged thus enhancing the overall profitability. Amidst these challenges, Four Seasons manages to maintain its position as the market leader, which owes to its globalisation strategy.EconomicAs one of the lar gest factors that shape the strategy of Four Seasons, the sparing recession pulls down the luxury hotels business and poses crisis for Four Seasons. It is no longer profitable to build and own hotels. As a result, Four Seasons shifts its focus from hotel ownership to hotel management services so that the financial risk is mainly borne by the hotel owners. Through management operations, Four Seasons is able to make the best use of its expertness and provide exceptional quality and service to the customers, thus gaining a competitive advantage over rivals.SocialThe trend of increasing international travel both(prenominal) in business and leisure markets creates more opportunities for the hotel industry. In order to better serve the travel needs of its existing customers and attract new international travellers, Four Seasons continues to expand its geographic coverage by adding five to seven hotels per year to key destinations, thus capitalising on the emerging opportunities. In resp onse to the changing lifestyle of the global travellers who want personalised service, Four Seasons constantly innovates new ways to make business travel more efficient and leisure travel more enjoyable. By doing so, the differentiation strategy through superior customer service is enhanced.TechnicalIn support of the rapid development of information technology, Four Seasons enhances its management services via operating a central reservations system, recommending information technology systems and developing certain database applications. It enables Four Seasons to be more profitable through optimised management services. legalThe nature of the leasehold agreement with three properties makes it difficult to sell the ownership and shift to management services, which results in adding losses to Four Seasons accounting. It reinforces Four Seasons decision to concentrate on management operations. In order to reduce the impact of these properties, Four Seasons continues to seek ways to improve the operating profitability.EnvironmentalTo follow the major trend of creation environmental friendly, Four Seasons initiates recycling programs for glass, paper and other biodegradable garbage, in support of its uncompromised customer service. Such approaches help Four Seasons maintain its leadership position in luxury hotels.Strategic Fit with Internal EnvironmentA comprehensive evaluation of a companys resources and capabilities reveals the strengths and weaknesses in the present strategy so that adjustments and improvements can be made (Thompson et al., 2009). Four Seasons strategy facilitates the decision making on its internal activities in different ways.Four Seasons focuses on the market niche of luxury hotels. In order to better serve the diverse needs of the focused customers, Four Seasons extends into the fields of resorts and residential properties so that the customers who use the hotels can enjoy the same quality in resorts and residence clubs. By retaining th e customer base and competing in different segments, Four Seasons is able to maintain its position as market leader.One of the strengths of Four Seasons is the attractive locations of its properties. With business and leisure travellers as the target customers, Four Seasons locates its hotels centrally in the commercial and financial districts of the worlds leading cities, while resorts and residential properties in world-class leisure destinations. It allows Four Seasons to attract more potential customers with its location advantage that are unmatched by rivals, thus gaining a competitive advantage.One major distinctive competency of Four Seasons is the exceptional customer service, which is delivered by its valuable human assets. The human resource management at Four Seasons makes sure that its employees treat the guests as they would wish to be treated. With high staff morale and high employee satisfaction, Four Seasons customers can hold back the best possible customer service . Through the training and development programs, Four Seasons equips its employees with advanced skills and expertise.As a result, the employees are able to deliver services higher up desired standards while carrying out innovative solutions to solve customers concerns. With these highly trained and professional staffs, Four Seasons stresses ways to differentiate itself from rivals through superior customer service.The expertise in hotel management is another competitive capability of Four Seasons. In order to make the best use of its expertise, Four Seasonsconcentrates on hotel management operations. To improve the operating profitability, Four Seasons engages in every aspect of the hotel operations on behalf of the owners, even before the hotel is built.

The Battle of the Sexes

The battle of the sexes has raged on as long as anyone sess cogitate. severally sex, at any(prenominal) blossom, has either wanted or believed they had the upper hand over the other(a). It can be in the form of a power agitate or manipulation that one sex proves itself dominant over the other. Many times they look that they atomic number 18 evenly matched. The power balance in at onces society is fairly balanced. We have hands who show deep feeling and women who ar aggressive and harsh. We also have the opposite in two sexes.Science is still working to discover how much our DNA affects our sex in terms of aggressiveness, affections and other factors in races. Science has yet to prove that there is a battle of the sexes at genetic level. Therefore much of it is dictated by society and its expectations of a particular sex. These expectations change through time and there be always exceptions to the rules. There was a time when women were dominant in certain areas, much(p renominal) as the household and men were relegated to dominate out of doors.There are other times where males are completely dominant and the female submissive. The roles change back and forth through time, each(prenominal) time getting a little more(prenominal) evenly balanced between the sexes. For the most part, todays society see men and women as equals. There are still issues to be intercommunicate that for the most part we are equal in almost everything. The movie How to Lose a guy cable in 10 Days, is set in present time and shows both sexes as equally driven to succeed. Andi, the main female, is a new-fangled woman who believes most relationships fail because men just begettert understand the female mind.She believes that men allow themselves be driven off due to certain things women tend to do in relationships. She also believes that men dont want to put forth the effort that a true relationship takes to succeed. She sets out to prove this by betting her boss she can lose a guy in 10 days by doing everything that is usually the death of a relationship. She picks out a man named Ben and sets to work. Andi is a modern woman who believes that she is an equal in every way to the male in a relationship and even superior at times.She does everything she can to prove her point. She tries things such as clinging, mentioning uniting, calling his mother and many others. Ben, the main male, believes that women want to radiate in fare and make that the goal of a relationship when they meet a man. He believes that by telling a woman what she wants to hear and overlooking her quirks men can make any woman fall in love with them. He too makes a bet with his co workers that he can get a woman to fall in love with in 10 days. He picks Andi at the same time she picks him.Both believe that they understand the opposite sex better than the other and can gain the upper hand in a relationship. Ben is shown as an over confident male who thinks ignoring all the thin gs she is doing will make her fall in love him within 10 days. Outwardly he overlooks her buying a dog for them, interrupting his poker games and similar incidents but inwardly he is cringing. He cannot figure out how she turned into such a clingy, needy, marriage minded woman so quickly. Andi, for her part, cannot believe he has not yet called the relationship off.Both find that without all the games and manipulation, they are on equal ground and the male-female relationship does not have to be a contest and their perceptions of the opposite sex were not always correct. In the movie, The union Crashers, the two main male characters, rear and Jeremy, have been breaking hearts for years. They believe that flirting and sex are fine as long as they do not get attached. They pictured as not believing love is worth the risk you must take to get it. If you fall in love, you get hurt so avoiding trueness of any sort is one of their most basic rules.They crash weddings to pick up bridesm aids, whom they will never see again and enjoy woman aft(prenominal) woman with no regrets. They are successful in business and do not think of the future as it pertains to love. In the 1990, where this movie is set, men are still portrayed as being a more knowledgeable regarding the opposite sex. They believe if they say the right things and keep it casual they are harmless from being pulled into a relationship. The women in the film, Claire and her babe Gloria, approach the male female relationship from opposite directions.Claire is self assured and believes herself to be too smart to fall for the usual pickup lines and manipulations. She holds herself at a distance to causing men to have to approach her rather than approaching them. Gloria is manipulative and aggressive. She is a cheerful and mulish pursuer and does not allow herself to be deterred. Both women reflect the modern woman in different ways. Claire shows it with her self assurance and Gloria with her belief that s he can be the aggressor in a relationship. Both are facets of the era we live in and there is no right or wrong in these representations.As the characters find out, both sexes can be the user or the used, depending on the circumstance. Claire has the power to draw the men to her by being aloof or unobtainable, thereby result a challenge to the males to overcome her barriers. She is diplomatic but does not meet a man halfway. She likes to control the situation on her terms. Gloria is the complete opposite of her sister and goes after her chosen man with using all her wiles. She is sweet one minute and throwing a tantrum the next, all the while keeping her intended hypnotised by her mercurial moods.She has no problem initiating sex and as with most present day women, is not afraid to admit she has a sex drive. Claire is not a prudish woman but chooses more carefully then her impulsive sister. Gloria tends to be needier than Claire, clinging to her chosen man because she worries her clinging will drive him off. Claire is presented as a strong woman who will take only the right man and not just anyone who happens along. When John falls for Claire, Jeremy is stunned and dismayed. He urges John to remember the rules they followed. , who wants an immediate commitment from him.While John is trying to woo Claire, who remains just out of reach, Jeremy is targeted by Gloria. She begins to pursue him so intensely that she frightens him. The couples are shown as opposites of each other with the female aggressor in one relationship and the male aggressor in the other. It shows the modern day balance that both sexes have worked great(p) to achieve and maintain. The results are both couples finding out that both mixes work and they really want to continue their . relationships. The Philadelphia Story is set in the 40s and the main female, Tracy Lord, is a rich, spoiled woman used to getting her way.She has beauty and she has money and that is what really matters in that so ciety. With those two things, she can treat a man anyway she likes and be admired for it. People consider her strong and willful but consider it her right to be so. Of all the characters in this movie, the female Tracy, wields most of the power. While the husbands are given certain due simply because they are men, she uses all the expected female wiles and they capitulate. The males are shown as expected to cater to the womans whims because she is a rich and beautiful prize.The female acts as she is expected to and in return makes demands of the men that must be filled, lest she move on to the next beau. This was an age of hallucination as well and both men and women were portrayed as romantic at heart. The males are also shown as having a softer side. Tracy breaks up with her groom, George, because he be amiss a situation and didnt believe what she told him happened. He storms out, leaving a church full of wedding guests and everything set to go. Another man offers to step in but it is ex husband Dexter, who has been in love with her since they divorced, who marries Tracy.In the time of The Philadelphia Story women were expected to draw the men to them, rather than pursue them openly. There were always exceptions to this rule, in particular for the extremely wealthy. Women were to be ladylike at all times, however, this gave them power even as it took some from them. Men could openly pursue a lady but if she chose to play coy or hard to get, they would have to work hard to win her favor. Men were portrayed as sophisticated and suave. They were the aggressors, but only to the point that they be the chosen one.They still had to curry favor from the female to keep her as their prize. Women were admired more for wealth, beauty and elegance in those days than for intelligence activity or imagination. Todays expectations of the sexes are much different for most people. Women are accepted as equally intelligent, imaginative and brave. We now have women in combat this does not reflect on them as women, it enhances their appeal. Men are doing cooking shows and designing clothing. There are still diving lines in some areas but we are making progress as shown in the films and in life.Blustain, S. (2000, November). The New sex activity Wars. Psychology Today, 33, 42. Cohan, S. (1997). Masked Men Masculinity and the Movies in the Fifties. Bloomington, IN Indiana University Press. Connell, Robert William Gender and Power, Cambridge University Press 1987 Essentials of Sociology (2005) Appelbaum,R. , Duneier, M. & Giddius, A. Website http//www2. wwnorton. com/college/soc/essoc/reviews/ch09. asp Galician, M. (2004). Sex, Love & Romance in the Mass Media Analysis & Criticism of Unrealistic Portrayals & Their Influence. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days (2003) starring Kate Hudson, Matthew McCaughey and Adam Goldberg. Directed by Donald Petrie, Paramount Studios The Philadelphia Story (1940) starring Katherine Hepbur n, Cary Grant and James Stewart, Directed by George Cukor, Warner Bros. The Wedding Crashers (2005) starring Owen C Wilson, Vince Vaughn, Christopher Walkin Directed by David Dobkin, New Line Home Entertainment Channel 14 Battle of the Sexes Website http//www. channel4. com/science/microsites/B/battle_sexes/ Wikipedia (2007) Culture and Gender Roles Website http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Gender_roleCulture_and_gender_roles

The Economics of Unemployment: A Comparative Analysis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We be g judgeful to Ms. Asma Hyder who was a great help in the project. She was always available to help us with the trouble areas. She took out time for us at all times, putting her elaborate aside on that pointfore we thank her for the effort she has put into our project. Her encour sequencement has always excite us as she helped us whenever we needed her help. She helped us in our problem areas all the time. It would have been a difficult task having to do our project without her help. administrator SummaryThis report starts with the introduction of unemployment followed by the explanations of unlike types of unemployment. The report excessively contains the objective for doing the project and motivation behind doing research on this particular topic. The major portion of the report contains the data and its abridgment which is done with the help of bar graphs . It withal contains the reasons for increased unemployment and the consequences that Pakistan is facing delinquent to increased unemployment. Some of the major authoritiesal policies have alike been discussed in this report and the effect of those policies.In the end a brief conclusion of the research work has also been given. The tables giving equivalence of unemployment with advance, sex and provinces are declare oneselfd in the annexure. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION4 PRESENT plaza6 OBJECTIVE8 MOTIVATION BEHIND THE point8 carcass of rules OF THE STUDY9 LITERATURE REVIEW10 DATA12 Unemployment rambles charge and Age13 Required data17 ANALYSIS19 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT compute VERSUS gross domestic product GROWTH RATE20 equation of GDP with unemployment utilise bar chart21ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS INVESTMENT GROWTH RATE22 Comparison of investment with unemployment using bar chart22 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS export GROWTH RATE23 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE PROVINCE tonic25 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE RURAL/URBAN WISE26 ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE AGE AND GENDER WISE27 CONCLUSION30 governance POLICIES32 PROGRAMS INITIATED BY GOVERNMENT33 REFERENCES37 ANNEXURE39 INTRODUCTION Unemployment refers to the inability for volitioning workers to find gainful employment. The degree of unemployment in a nation is one indicator of the economical health of the field.Many factors can negatively affect the unemployment rate including corporate downsizing, mergers, implementation of automation technologies, and pedigree outsourcing to early(a) nations. TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment is caused by a mismatch between jobs offered by employers and potential workers. This may pertain to geo lifelike location, skills, and umteen other factors. Cyclical Unemployment Cyclical unemployment also known as demand deficient unemployment occurs when on that point is non enough aggregate demand in the economy.This is caused by a business cycle recession and wages non falling to tack to gether the equilibrium rate. Frictional Unemployment It re shows people who are temporarily unoccupied because they are in between jobs. Seasonal Unemployment Seasonal unemployment occurs because of the seasonal nature of some jobs (fruit pickers) part-time It refers to people who are functional less than full-time hours barely would like to work longer Long-term Unemployed These are people who have been unemployed for longer than 12 months.Hard core Unemployment These are people who are unemployed due to their personal, mental or physical characteristics. Major Causes of Unemployment in PAKISTAN from noncurrent to Present 1. Employment in the private sphere absolutely halt because they shifted their capital to other countries because of nationalization of industrial units which badly affected the investment industrial firmament. 2. The graduate(prenominal)er development rate of tribe is the major cause of unemployment in Pakistan. The resources of the country are limited b ecause population has exceeded the optimum take aim. . Karachi is the hulkinggest industrial base of Pakistan, but investors are reluctant to invest there because of un alight and violence. 4. Our program lineal system is also responsible for increasing unemployment rate among the educated youth. The attitude of our youth towards the selection of a career is unrealistic and unproductive. Rapid mechanization and computer technology also causing unemployment. 5. Lack of infrastructure and facilities in the field of energy, telecommunication and merchant vessels also prevent the industrialist from setting up new industries. . Lack of enough industries to employ ever increasing number of graduate in Pakistan 7. The government is non involving in capital expenditures which create more jobs. 8. Main issue of unemployment in our country is that when ever a new technology comes as software or hardware then all the people start to learn that. Then at the end, you will perk up tens of thousands of students of a particular field against about 5 to 10 job vacancies. 9. Things are not handled in appropriate manner, as the vacancies are less but job seekers are more than that. 10.Opportunities are not enough and system of reference is so much indulged in our society that if a company needs employees then workers of that company will provide add up of their relatives and friends thereby influencing employment decisions, so in this way many people dont get the opportunity to apply for those jobs. 11. Lastly, our countrys present law and format situation is proving very detrimental to the investment climate and is one of the main hindrances for achieving employment goals which need immediate remedy PRESENT SITUATION Unemployment is a growing problem of every nation.Pakistan has reached a critical stage and joblessness is increasing daily. Moreover, downsizing in many government offices and within the private sector have exacerbated the problem Economists caution that unemployment is likely to grow at a more rapid pace in the years ahead. Half the population is on a lower floor 18 years of age, So entry into the labour force is fairly high and therefore the labour force growth number and the unemployment growth numbers will be very high. Also the distaff participation in the labour force is amongst the utmost in Asia and comparable only to Sub-Saharan Africa. match to the labour force survey, the crude activity rate (which measures the percentageage of labour force in the total population) stands at 9. 3 percent for women compared to 47. 6 percent for men. ?Latest Unemployment Rates in Pakistan Unemployment Rates? Using Bar Chart Unemployment Rates? Using Line Chart OBJECTIVE This topic has been selected with the objective of determination out what are the reasons that are behind increased unemployment in Pakistan. This objective led us towards the start of our project because unemployment is not a single quandary of our country it has dee p influence on other economic factors.Unemployment has a relation with inflation, GDP, countrys export which we are aim to find how this meet is going to effect and had affected our economy from past. Moreover our objective is to look at how we can improve the situation and how can we create unemployment in our country which will not be beneficial at macro but also effect at the micro level of our country. MOTIVATION BEHIND THE TOPIC Unemployment is not a single problem it is related to many other problems that poorly impact the economic growth.Unemployment affects the social cost which includes increasing poverty, personal hardships, depression, corrupt of unused skills, and increase in crime as well as family disputes. In a nutshell, level of dissatisfaction rises higher and higher among unemployed people. In order to reduce the percentage of unemployment from our society we have planned to work on this issue as we have observed that the percentage of unemployment is increasing remarkably in our rural as well as urban areas. Secondly we are motivated that may be we provide our government and employers with some helpful suggestions that will increase the employment ratio.Keeping in view the present economic conditions prevalent in Pakistan in which country faces high inflation due to spread head between revenues and expenses. It is suggested that Pakistan should pursue generating enough revenues, so as to meet its local and international commitments, needs to use its human resource or reduce unemployment by setting up new projects which can generate economic stimulus and thereby reduce gap between revenues and expenses which will impact other economic fundamentals. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY Total duration 12-weeks First Phase (3-weeks)Research from the Secondary data sources such as research journals HECs Digital program library Online Directories Economic position of Pakistan National Bureau of Statistics etc. Second Phase (5-weeks) Analysis of the coll ected data which will include Causes of Unemployment Effects of Unemployment on saving Past trends how unemployment percentage increases and what are the factors behind them Representation of the trends through charts. Organization of the researched material Application of Statistical tools on the collected secondary data terce Phase (3-weeks) Interpretation based on the Statistical Analysis ConclusionLITERATURE REVIEW Kakwani, N. , and H. Son. Hyun (2006). This paper deal with the method of unemployment. The author say we should also take those people in fib who are earning below substances level of income in the labour market. The proposed methodology was applied to Brazils unit platter house hold up survey for the period starting from 1995 to 2004. According to author those people who r underpaid also consider themselves unemployed, because they are working only to survive.Unemployment is generally delineate as not working or working few hours but if a person works voluntar ily but earns a lot of notes then he/she should not be considered as unemployed. In this article a new method is introduced that combines two aspects of labour market (unemployment and under employment) and arrives at a new index of unemployment that satisfy certain desirable properties. Marvin, D. Krohn (1999). This article is based on the correlation analyses of two variable namely unequal distribution of income and the unemployment which are be glide path the major causes of crime.The settlement when further tested indicated that there exists a moderate positive relationship between unemployment and homicide rates, however a piffling negative relationship is observed between unemployment rates and total crime rates. When these results were investigated further to see if some relationship were due to the effects of industrialization or because of some other factors it was observed that the zero order correlation among the total crime rates are not changed. The details of these results are also discussed in the reference of the article. K. Rukhsana (2003).In this paper explores the factors responsible for unemployment in Pakistan. It is hypothesized that population and GDP exerts strong impact on Pakistans economy. Direct relationship is assumed to hold between unemployment and population. In this article 13 year data is taken for analysis on which regression is run to obtain the required results. According to the results that were obtained it could be concluded that radical increase in population will remove the employment opportunity and in order to reduce unemployment rate high growth in GDP is suggested.Therefore In order to bring employment opportunities in the country government should look on to the two areas i. e. control population and work in direction that would result in GDP. Hyder , A. (2007) This article is based on the unemployment is rising with striking proportion majorly because of the appeal of the public sector jobs , not in terms of w ages , but surprisingly in terms of fringe benefits. People avoid the private sector contempt lucrative packages be offered and tend to form long queues in wait for the public sector jobs.The basic elements standing such impractical decisions are the cultural trends, pecuniary dependence on parents even at later ages, and low movement of individuals from one place to another also makes them feel well-settled and satisfied, saving them from acute unemployment stress. These factors effectively have a bun in the oven an individuals unemployment status for the longer time duration. Regarding to the greater availability of public sector jobs in the urban areas these issues are definitely more significant there. Ghayur, S (1996) says 5% is the unemployment percentage and absorption capacity is 3%.Those employed, quarter of them find work to meet half their subsistence requirements. A tenth find their work cannot keep them busy more than 35 hours a week. There are long working hours , working conditions are poor and hazardous to health. Free care regime is direct threat to employment safety. Labour laws are fragmented and child labour is widespread. Labour force is estimated at 34. 74 million (1993-94). Males account for 94% of labour force between the ages of 24-54 years. About 16. 8% boys and 6. 9% girls of the age convocation 10-14 comprise labour force.There is widespread unemployment and those that employed are under paid, working in poor conditions and have labour laws that cant protect them. There is great potential for employment sectors such as agriculture to further increase their employment percentages as they are under employing labour force as discussed in the preceding paragraphs. DATA Unemployment Rates Sex and Age Table I Table II Table III Table IV Graph of the Unemployment Rates Sex and Age Graph I Graph II Graph III The above three graphs represent relation of unemployment with age and sex.From the above graph we have concluded that the per centage of unemployment is stripped-down for men between age 35-39 from year 1999-2007. Whereas the age group representing lowest percentage of unemployment among females is 45-49 from 1999-2004. However then unemployment in the women between age group of 35-39 showed lowest percentage from 2004-07. Required data From the above tables and graphs we seperated the figures that meet our needs and transformed them into separate tables which are given below( The graphical analysis of this data is in the analysis Part). Table-I UNEMPLOYMENT AND GDP Table-IIUNEMPLOYMENT AND INVESTMENT Table-III UNEMPLOYMENT AND EXPORTS Table-IV UNEMPLOYMENT,INFLATION,EXPORTS AND INVESTMENT ANALYSIS BACKGROUND We have selected three basic variables for analysis of unemployment rate over last 9 years. These include GDP growth, Investment and Exports. There are line and bar chart analysis of unemployment rate with all these three variables as well. In the end we have also conducted analysis of unemployment rate with respect to province, rural/urban and age wise. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS GDP GROWTH RATE Comparison of GDP with unemployment using frequence curveComparison of GDP with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of GDP Growth Rate Increase in GDP growth rate shall cause overall lower in unemployment rate. It can be seen from above graphical analysis on the collected data that from year 1999 to 2001 there was a decrease in GDP resulting in an increase in unemployment. i. e. lesser the growth of economy means lesser number of jobs consequently increased unemployment. tho as during the period of 2001-2002 Musharraf government took some drastic mistreats like creating jobs in IT sector thus there was a decrease in unemployment despite decrease in GDP and investment.On the other hand there was a steady growth in GDP from year 2002 onwards oddly growth of services sector which included telecom, transport etc. , resulting in decreased unemployment. When Musharrafs reg ime had realised itself as stalls government to the rest of the world especially after the first elections the economy of the Pakistan was at its peak. GDP growth, spurred by gains in the industrial and service sectors, remained in the 6-8% range in 2004-06. In 2005, the World till named Pakistan the top reformer in its region and in the top 10 reformers globally. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS INVESTMENT GROWTH RATEComparison of investment with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of Investment Growth Rate Increase in investment will cause a decrease in unemployment. It can be seen that there was an increase in investment for years 1999-2001 but even then unemployment increased due to the fact that as the investment is always committed first and jobs are created later. But increase in investment had started to impact decrease in unemployment after year 2001 onwards. overall there was a increase in investment thereby decreasing unemployment as it is clearly evident from t he line and bar charts.ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE VERSUS EXPORT GROWTH RATE Comparison of export growth rate with unemployment using bar chart Analysis of Export Growth Rate Increase in exports will cause a decrease in unemployment as more jobs are created for export related activities. It is observed from the collected datas graphical analysis that exports for the year 1999-2000 registered a negative growth of -9. 8% thus there was a resultant increase in unemployment for the same period. But for the year 2000-2001 there was a high growth of 10. % in exports met by decrease in unemployment in later years. Exports continued to keep a same level of growth from 2001 to 2003 with almost 0 % growth for year 2002-2003 as compared to previous year. Thus there was an overall decrease in unemployment. But for the year 2003 when exports registered -0. 7 % growth there was a simultaneous increase in unemployment. For the rest of the years Pakistan did not register any negative export growt h thus unemployment as a whole also decreased. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE PROVINCE WISE Bar chart of unemployment rates in provincesAnalysis of Unemployment Rate state of matter Wise From the above graphical analysis we can see that in 1999 the unemployment was very high as compared to 2007. The reduction in the province wise unemployment is the result of overall reduction in unemployment all around the Pakistan. As Pakistan was recording high GDP growth rates from 2003-04 to 2006-07, overall the economy of the Pakistan was on the rise. The governmental and law and order enforcement situation was very stable, the Telecom sector was expanding a great deal in all the provinces which was creating a lot of jobs.During this period there were many public sector development programs in progress especially in under actual areas which were offering jobs. ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT RATE RURAL/URBAN WISE Bar chart of unemployment rates rural and urban areas Analysis of Unemployment Rate Rur al/Urban Wise From the above bar diagram we can see that unemployment from 1999-00 to 2006-07 in both rural and urban areas decreased from 8. 1 to 4. 75% and from 10. 2 to 6. 7% respectively. In 1999 Pervez Musharraf took over the Government, because of which most of the countries in the world stopped supporting Pakistan and Pakistan had to suffer a lot of crises.When this govt. got stable and the countries of the world started to open up their relations with Pakistan then there was a lot of aid coming from all the developed countries which stabilized Pakistans monetary condition. After 9/11 Afghan war also started and Pakistan got a lot of financial support from USA and many other countries of the world which acted as a cushion to Pakistans external and internal account deficit conditions thereby allowing spending to other developmental projects in rural and urban areas so as to reduce overall unemployment. From 2003 onwards there was a Telecom and IT boom in Pakistan.Musharraf Go vt had steady risen developmental spending from 2003 onwards, including a 52% real increase in the budget allocation for developmental projects in FY07, a necessary step toward reversing the broad underdevelopment of its social structure. Even the reconstruction of the devastating Kashmir earthquake in 2005 created a lot of jobs for the people of Pakistan who contributed in different ways. During this period govt. was stable and there was peace all over the country, so there was a lot of investment committed to Telecom sector which created many jobs for the urban population. Also govt. ook many projects on its own to computerize almost all the ministries and associated departments like NADRA which also increased opportunities for computer literate persons. Many people started their own businesses in big cities which resulted in creating job opportunities for many people. Because of these reasons there was noticeable decrease in unemployment all around the Pakistan. ANALYSIS OF UNEMP LOYMENT RATE AGE AND GENDER WISE three-D bar chart showing unemployment with respect to age and gender in different years Where F= Cumulative Frequency. Where F= Cumulative Frequency. Analysis of Unemployment Rate Age WiseIt can be seen that overall unemployment rates are highest for 60 years and above age group as it is retirement age and very few jobs exist if any for such a age group in the country. Followed by this group, the high unemployment rate is in the age group of 10 to 19 years of age. Also such people are either employed in such sectors which fall in child subvert or not employed at all. Unemployment rate is lowest for 30 to 49 years of age group people. As such a age group has gone through enough of hard time and gained enough experience so as to ultimately find some good stable job and settle.On the other hand age group people of 20 to 29 years of age have high unemployment rate due to the above mentioned settling process that they are in. But still there are more jo b opportunities for 20 to 29 years of age group age group than 10-19 years of age group thus overall lower unemployment rate. CONCLUSION Since unemployment is one of the major problems of Pakistan and the level of unemployment is moving up. The socio economic system of the country and institutions has failed to provide employment to the increasing labor force. The rate of expansion in industrial sector is very slow. The increasing labor force has not been absorbed.Increasing output of general upbringing institutions is the major cause of educated young mens unemployment. Technical, professional and vocational institutions are limited in number. We have also concluded that the high share of highly educated unemployed person indicate a lack of sufficient professional and high level technical jobs. Another variable that could be impacting this ratio in a positive way is that many qualified jobseekers might be evaluate employment below their skill level, or underemployment. It is inte resting to note that the levels of education of unemployed females are relatively high.When looking at the unemployment rates by education level, women have seen a significant decline in levels below intermediate, but only a minor drop in the rate at degree level since 1999. There are several possible explanations for this. One explanation, as reflected in employment by status and employment by sector indicators, points at labour market segregation along gender lines, which is confirmed by research on the occupational distribution of the employed disaggregated by sex ( Nasir, 2005). Therefore, barriers may prevent women from obtaining employment in high skilled jobs for which they are qualified at (PET, 2007).Another explanation for the relatively high educational attainment levels of female unemployed is a mismatch between the skills required and those supplied. Indicators regarding the (pre employment) educational attainment of the labour force are not sufficient to assess the ext ent to which the education and training system provides the skills that are required by the economy. Moreover no career guidance, lack of awareness regarding available jobs, high evaluateations without commensurate experience, little spirit of work ethics and the weak economy.This situation can be improved by small enterprise development (SED) activities, entrepreneurial and technical skills, increased financial resources and management skills, and increased participation of women in economic activities providing more income for the family as compared to a single breadwinner. Government has initiated many unemployment reduction programs some of them worked but not to large extent ,if these programs had worked there will be not only increased unemployment but also decrease in poverty will be observed as people get more jobs poverty will be eliminated from the society.Due to increased terrorist attacks uncertainty has also increased and many transnational and foreign companies are n ot willing to set up their business in Pakistan this had also hindered the opportunities of unemployment. GOVERNMENT POLICIES The most important fundamental right is none else than the availability of a productive work opportunity to the able and willing to work citizen of a country. Recognition of this right is duly acknowledged in the opus of Pakistan. The article 38 of the Constitution states that the State shall provide for all citizens . facilities for work and adequate livelihood with reasonable rest and leisure. In fact, the state is also required to provide social security by compulsory social insurance as well as basic necessities of life to those permanently or temporarily unable to earn livelihood. The Government is pursuing policies that motivate and promote the private sector, whereby its government agency is expanded in employment augmenting activities. Though the private sector is responding, the growth is largely concentrated in the informal sector.The informal sec tor is not preferred as it has low wages and largely poor working conditions. In rural areas, agriculture is the mainstay but the average land holdings are small and corporate utmostming as yet to take grounds. do employment central in economic and social policy making, Emphasis on both the quantity and quality of jobs generated in the economy. Increasing employment glitz of growth and creation of decent employment through appropriate macro, trade, labor market and sectoral policies. Strengthen institutions to create an efficient and equitable labor market. Active participation of employers and workers organizations and civil society in formulation of employment policy. fix favorable conditions for growth of the private sector especially SMEs and other labor absorbing sectors. Create a competitive and productive world class labor force, and Strengthen institutional machinery for employment policy making, HRD and monitoring labor market development PROGRAMS INITIATED BY GOVERNM ENT The Public Sector training Program (PSDP) for the fiscal year 2004-05 has been increased to Rs. 202 billion, a 26 percent increase over 2003-04 PSDP of Rs 160 billion.Since the tenseness of PSDP for 2004-05 has been on accelerating growth, increased funds for PSDP would mean enhancing public sector investment to generate employment thus raising overall growth. Employer-led Skill Development Councils developed by Ministry of Labor Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, has been established in all provinces to identify needs of geographical area, prioritize them on market demand and to comfort the training of workers through training providers in public and private sectors. These councils have met the diversified training needs of the industrial and commercial sectors and have trained 46, 674 persons so far.Technical and vocational training enhances the employability of the work force. There are 315 training institutes under NTB across Pakistan, which also includes all TEVTA institut ions in Punjab. They offer vocational courses in 80 trades and the net output capacity of these institutions is 150,000 per year. At present the training capacity of 28,050 trainees is available under the Technical Education and Vocational Training office (TEVTA) Punjab and the other Provincial Directorates of Manpower and Training.Besides 8807 apprentices are being trained under the Apprenticeship Training Program in the country. A Ten Year perceptive Development Plan for the period 2001-11 is under implementation and accelerating GDP growth and reducing unemployment are among its major goals. This plan envisages creating 11. 3 million new job opportunities through investment of Rs. 11287 billion during the Plan period. As a result of developmental efforts of the government, GDP growth rate has started picking up. It was 5. 1 percent in 2002-03, increased to 604 percent in 2003-04 and is around 7 percent in 2004-05.On the other hand, the population growth rate, which was 1. 99 per cent in 2003-04, has declined to 1. 9 percent in 2004-05. Both the parameters have helped to make dent in the unemployment situation as result of which the unemployment rate has declined from 8. 3 percent in 2001-02 to 7. 7 percent in 2003-04. tenuous and Medium Enterprises (SME) represents a signifying component of Pakistans economy in terms of value. They are highly labor intensive and provide employment to the bulk of the non-agricultural labor force.The growth of SMEs has mainly been hampered by the non-availability of credit in the past. Realizing this constraint the government has opened two specialized non-credit banks namely, the SME Bank and Khushali Bank. The Small and Medium Enterprises Development Authority (SMEDA) is also actively developing program for managerial skill development and technical and informative support to the SMEs. The SME Bank was established on January, 1, 2002 with the primary objective of providing financial assistance and business support to small and medium enterprises.A large number of SMEs are being financed under its program lending scheme namely Hunarmand Pakistan Scheme in such businesses as fan manufacturing, cutlery, manufacturing, surgical instruments, doctors and dentists clinic, women entrepreneurs, CNG stations, auto looms, auto parts manufacturing, furniture manufacturing, wheel rickshaws etc. Up to 31st January 2005 the SME Bank financed 4522 SMEs and disbursed loans amounting to Rs. 3031. 57 million and has been successful in creating 9044 employment opportunities in the country.Realizing the importance of microfinance in improving the lives of the poor people, the government has established Khushhali Bank in 2000 a microfinance institution under a public-private partnership program. It has also encouraged private sector to setup microfinance banks in Pakistan. So far three microfinance banks have become operational during 2001-04. Two applications for setting up microfinance banks in private sector are und er process for licensing. The outreach of these quaternity institutions has increased to half a million households in just 4-5 years.In the next five years the outreach will increase to three million households. The Khushhali Bank alone has so far disbursed Rs. 4. 5 billion and nearly 33 percent of its clients are women. The services of these institutions will be the most effective instruments in improving the lives of the poor people in both urban and rural areas. The housing and construction sector provide substantial additional employment opportunities as it contributes through a higher multiplier effect with a host of beneficial forward and backward linkages in the economy.The sector, through linkages effect with about 40 building material industries, supports investment and growth climate and help reduce poverty by generating income opportunities for poor households. During the last two years, the government has taken various budgetary and non-budgetary measures, which are now yielding positive results. Construction activity in Pakistan is booming demand for construction-related materials has surged. Many national and international real estate developers have launched or launching large construction projects in Pakistan, which has further accelerated construction activity in the country.Pakistan Poverty Alleviating Fund (PPAF) was set up in April 2000 with an endowment of $ 100 million, as a wholesale lender to NGOs engaged in providing micro financing. PPAF, as of 31st Dec 2004, is present in 94 districts across Pakistan, it has 52 partner organizations. So far it has made disbursements of Rs. 8. 2 billion and it has around 7 million beneficiaries. The government has so far spent one thousand billion rupees on pro-poor sectors in the last five years. Economic growth is the engine of employment generation and poverty alleviation.In order to sustain this spectacular pace of growth and maintain healthy and vigorous macroeconomic indicators would require a prolonged period of macroeconomic stability, financial discipline, and consistent and transparent policies. These, along with improved governance and better quality infrastructure would encourage private sector to play a leading role in promoting investment and growth. The government on its part must identify and promote sectors, which are considered not only to be the major drivers of growth but also have the greatest potential of creating more employment opportunities.Since it took almost a decade for unemployment and poverty to reach at this level, it would be unreasonable to expect that both unemployment and poverty will decline in the short-run. But this does not mean that it is an unattainable objective. REFERENCES Ghayur,S (1996) Labour Market Issues in Pakistan Unemployment, working Condition, and Child Labour, the Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Vol. 35 (4), pages 789-803. Hyder, A (2007) Preference for Public Sector Jobs and Wait Unemployment, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, (Working Paper No20).K. Rukhsana (2003), population and Unemployment A Dilemma to Resolve, The Icfai University journal of Applied Economics Vol 3 August, pp. 7-15. Kakawani, N. , and H. Son. Hyun (2006), A Note on Measuring UnemploymentInternational Poverty center, United Nation Develop Program. September2006 (Working Paper No 28). Marvin D. Krohn (1999), Inequality, Unemployment and Crime A Cross-National Analysis, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 303-313. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2001-02), Labour Force Survey 2001-02, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division.Federal Bureau of Statistics (2003-04), Labour Force Survey 2003-04, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2005-06), Labour Force Survey 2005-06, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Federal Bureau of Statistics (2006-07), Labour Force Survey 2006-07, Government of Pakistan, Statistics Division. Papu aWhat is unemployment. Online posting 18 November 2007. Reader Responses, Wise Geek Journal http//www. wisegeek. com/what-is-unemployment. htm 2. Jobs in Pakistan, Jobs in Middle East Berozgar job article section Friday, June 13th, 2008 at 1144 am, declination 22, 2008 http//bayrozgar. com/blog/2008/06/13/pakistan-unemployment-causes-and-solutions/ 3. Pakistan unemployment rateCIA world factbook 16 May 2008, December 22,2008 http//indexmundi. com/pakistan/unemployment_rate. html ANNEXURE Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 Table-4 Civilian Labour Force Employed and Unemployed Pakistan and Provinces Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 Table-4 Distribution of Population Education and Sex Table-1 Table-2 Table-3 Table-4 Unemployment Rates by Area and Sex Table-1 Table-2 Table-3

Customer Satisfaction Essay

INDRODUCTIONCustomer satisfaction can help your business to fall upon a sustainable competitive advantages, Its about understanding the way a customer feels after purchasing a product or function and in particular, whether or not that product or service find the customers expectation. Bias tire construction utilizes body ply pile that ex cristald diagonally from bead to bead, usually at angles in the range of 30 to 40 degree, with achieverive plies laid at opposing angles forming a grade pattern to which the tread is applied. The design allows the entire tyre body to flex easily. There are 9 varieties of bias tyre manufacturing by the MRF tyre comp all. radial tire tyre construction utilizes body ply cords extending from the beads and across the tread so that the cords are laid at approximately well(p) angles to the centerline of the tread, and parallel to each other as well as stabilizer belts directly beneath the tread. The belts may be cord or steel. 15 varieties of radial tyre manufacturing are done by the MRF tyre company.PRODUCT PROFILEIn the year of 1946 a young entrepreneur K.M.MAMMEN MAPPILLAI, opened a small toy balloon manufacturing unit in a shed at Chennai (Tiruvottiyur). During the period 1949 the factory was just a small shed without any machines. A variety of products, ranking from balloons and squeaking toys to industrial gloves and were produced. In the period of 1952 MRF ventured into the manufacture of tread rubber. And with that, the first machine a rubber mill was installed at the factory. This step into tread rubber manufacture was later to catapult MRF into a league that few had imagined possible.The quality of the product manufactured was of such a juicy standard that by the close of 1956, MRF had become the market leader with a 50% share of the tread-rubber market in India. In the period of 1961 after the success achieved in tread rubber, MRF entered into the manufacture of tyres. MRF established a technical collaboration with the Mansfield tyre and rubber company of USA. Around the same time, it also becomes a general company. During the year 1963 Indias first PrimeMinister Jawaharlal Nehru laid the foundation stone for the rubber research center at Chennai. In 1967 MRF became the first Indian company to export tyres to USA the v ery birthplace of tyre technology.During the year 1970 to 1972 MRF opened its factory in kottayam, Goa and Arakkonam (chennai). In the year 1973 MRF scored a major breakthrough by being among the very first in India to manufacture and market nylon passenger tyres commercially. During the year 1980 MRF entered into a technical collaboration with the B.F.GOODRICH tyre company of USA. In period of 1989 MRF was the clear market leader in every tyre segment. Once again, in recognition of excellence MRF was awarded the visvesvaraya award for the best business bear in south India. In the year 1990 MRF collaborated with Hasbro international USA, the worlds largest toy markers and la unched funskool India. At the same year MRF World Series play tourney for the Jawaharlal Nehru trophy was frequentered by the company. In 1991 MRF also opened the MRF tyredrome, Indias first tyre company owned hertz care complex at Chennai, at the same period MRF brought the 6th world cup boxing championship to Mumbai the first of its kind with 39 countries participating.In 1992 K.M.MammenMapillai was awarded the Padmashri award of national recognition for his character to industry the only industrialist from south Indian to be accorded this honor until that time. In 1993 and 1995, the company was voted by the far eastern economic review, as one of the ten leading corporate groups in India and a leader Asia. During the same time MRF was selected as one of Indians most admired marketing companies by the readers of the A&M magazine. During the year 1996 to 2000 MRF is spreading its wings by also involving in the development of cricket by sponsorship of many cricketers and also MRF pace foundation. At one point of time, MRF was the bat sponsor of world-class batsman including sachintendulkar, Brain lara and stere Waugh. At the same time MRF launches first ever F3 car and companys turnover crossed INR 15 billion. MRF launched ZVIS tyres for passenger cars.The period between 2001to 2006 the company kept climbing the ladder with efficient and able directors and a change was denote that Mr. Arunmammen would be the managing directors. The MRF NYLOGRIP rapper for two-wheelers was launchedand MRF wins the JD power award, at the same time MRF turnover crossed INR 30 billion marks. During the year 20007 to 2010 MRF launches the super LUG 505. A agiotage mileage, rear fitment truck tyre for national highway operations on rated roads and MRF launches ZSLK tyres, MRF wins the JD power award again for the 6th time. After the bat sponsor of world-class batsman including Stere Waughs and Brian Laras retirement from international cricket. MRF contract with Sachin Tendulkar also expired on 2009. MRF is currently sponsoring GauthamGambhir and Rohit Sharma, two other members of the Indian cricket team.INDUSTRY PROFILEThe very first tyres were bands of iron placed on the wooden wheels of carts and wagons, luckily, with the discovery of rubber things changed. It was in the mid 1800s that the first tyres do using rubber appeared. They were simple tyres the rubber carried the load entirely. It was in 1845 that the pneumatic or air-filled tyre which works by air with in the tyre absorbing the shocks of the road was invented and patented by Robert William Thomson. His design pulmonary tuberculosisd a number of thin inflated tubes inside a leather cover. This meant that it would take more than one puncture before the tyre deflated. However, despite this new break though in tyres, the old solid rubber variety was still fortunate by the public, leaving the pneumatic tyre out in the wilderness.It wasnt until 1888 that john Boyd Dunlop, unbeknownst to him, rein vented the pneumatic tyre whilst trying to improve his sons bike. Dunlops tyre like Thomsons, didnt seem to sell at first-until a bike race in Belfast was won by a rider using his tyres with that victory people began to take notice of the pneumatic tyre. In 1895 the pneumatic tyre was first used on automobiles by Andre and E dotard Michelin. It was also around this time that legislation was put into effect that discouraged the use of solid rubber tyres. All over the world companies sprang up to meet the new demand for the new tyres.Tyres remained fundamentally unchanged though out the 20s and 30s until Michelin introduced steel-belted radial tyres in 1948. This new sheath of pneumatic tyre meant that they would have a longer life thanks to plycords that radiate from a 90 degree angle from the wheel rim. It also meant that tyre had less rolling resistance increasing the mileage of a vehicle. This new radial tyre was very successful outside of the US, with companies in Italy, France, Japan and Germany producing them in large numbers.In the US however, a battle commenced. American car manufactures were afraid that the cost to redesign their cars in order to use these radial tyres was too much and so stuck to the older bias ply tyres. It wasnt until the 70s where there was a fuel crisis-that the American public, because of the procession cost of petrol, demanded more economical cars. This led to the introduction of cars that could easily fit the high mileage radial tyres. By 1983 all new American cars came fitted with radial tyres.